biochem-biomolecules-cells-and-evolutionlisted

# Biology and Chemistry Foundations: Biomolecules, Enzymes, Metabolism, Cells, and Evolution > **Part 4 of 5** of the *Biology and Chemistry Foundations* reference (plugin `biology-chemistry-foundations`), covering §10–§16. Sibling skills: `biochem-atoms-bonding-and-intermolecular-forces` (§0–§3), `biochem-thermodynamics-kinetics-and-equilibrium` (§4–§7), `biochem-organic-chemistry-and-analytical-methods` (§8–§9), `biochem-reference` (§17–§20). Section numbers are shared across the set; a reference written as §N → `skill` points into that sibling skill. > > **Currency:** Settled science — thermodynamics is 19th century, quantum chemistry and the Michaelis-Menten treatment early 20th, the genetic code and the chemiosmotic hypothesis 1960s. Nothing here has a currency dependency. > **Scope.** The layer underneath. A biomedical-engineering reference covers imaging, > signals, PK/PD and clinical statistics; a genetics-and-neuroscience reference covers > molecular genetics, gene regulation and circuits. **This document is what both of those > assume you already know** — and it points there rather than repeating. > > **⚠️ GOTCHA** boxes mark where the standard teaching account is wrong, or where an > equation gets applied outside its validity. > > **The three ideas that unify everything below:** > 1. **⚠️ Electronegativity difference drives nearly all of chemistry.** Bonding type, > polarity, solubility, acidity, and reaction direction all follow from where electrons > pref